Role of Sodium Butyrate in Colon Cancer

What is Sodium Butyrate?

The sodium salt of butyric acid with a chemical formula of Na(C3H7COO) is known for its various effects on cultured mammalian cells including repression or induction of gene expression, induction of differentiation, and inhibition of proliferation is known as sodium butyrate. But I wait can be used in determining histone deacetylene in chromatin structure and function, and in which class 1 histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, especially HDAC3, HDAC2, and HDAC1, and Butyrate treatment of cells.

The expression of mammalian genes is said to be affected by only 2% due to the inhibition of HDAC activity. Sodium butyrate is usually found as a crystalline water-soluble white-colored solid in laboratories. The unpleasant and strong smell is what makes Sodium Butyrate notable. For safety purposes, respiratory masks, eye protection, and gloves are recommended while working with sodium butyrate. Present in Parmesan cheese and butter, sodium butyrate is found in the human diet which is notably produced in large amounts from dietary fibers in the gut. The consumption of legumes is the most common source of sodium butyrate in the gut.

Health benefits of sodium butyrate

1. Gut inflammation is prevented

There are anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory functions possessed by butyrate which is good for the human gut. Just in case any changes in the mucosal surface are in contact with the microbiome, the gut lining of a human being maintains a low level of inflammation. The disruptions in the level of inflammation can lead to oxidative damage and if kept for a prolonged period can cause cancer, but generally, it is controlled tightly in the low levels. The proinflammatory substances in the human body are stopped from working by butyrate. The damage caused by free radicals is controlled and oxidative stress is reduced through the anti-inflammatory effect of butyrate. Production and gut inflammation is massively affected by the butyrate content or production in the human diet. The butyrate-producing bacteria require a high fiber in the diet of a human being which particularly benefits the production of butyrate.

2. Sodium butyrate has anti-cancer effects

The gut environment is kept stable, which is a part of the protective effect associated with dietary fiber against certain types of cancers, by the butyrate present in Sodium butyrate. With the diet largely facing the blame, a major health burden in the Western world known as colorectal cancer or bowel cancer is dominant. The bacteria in the human gut are affected by a low dietary fiber in an individual’s diet. The colonocytes can’t work without any energy which is provided by butyrate. The cells associated with tumor progression will try if the sales lining the human gut are unable to work. Tumor development will be influenced and inflammatory signals will be given off. A risk factor of bubble cancer is low or reduced butyrate production which is due to the low dietary fiber in an individual’s diet.

3. A leaky gut is plugged by butyrate

The functioning of the gut lining needs to be proper and kept healthy, for which the gut lining needs butyrate. The cut lining works as an intestinal barrier that allows certain minerals and vitamins to leave the gut, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the proper places in the human

body. In the same way, butyrate prevents human beings from falling ill due to certain food compounds, pathogens, and toxins that might enter the bloodstream. The sales in the gut lining need fuel which is provided by the dietary fibers given by butyrate which is produced by the gut microbes. The occurrence of a leaky gut is prevented by the butyrate which preserves the integrity of the human gut lining.

What is Colon Cancer?

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that starts in your colon (large intestine) or rectum. Your colon and rectum are the organs that make up the lower portion of your digestive system. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC, this cancer is popularly known as colorectal cancer.

Most surprisingly, it is the third most common type of cancer in the United States when certain common skin cancers are excluded.

This type of cancer is staged from Stage 0 (earliest stage) to Stage 4 which is the most advanced stage of the disease.

Beginning at the final part of the digestive tract called the colon or the large intestine colon cancer is a type of cancer affecting mostly older adults. However, this type of cancer might happen at any age. On the inside of the colon, clumps of sales known as polyps form, which are initially noncancerous (benign).

Then these polyps transform into cancerous lumps which can cause colon cancer. There are a very minimal number of symptoms that a polyp may produce and these are small in size. Before the formation of colon cancer, identification and removal of polyps is often recommended by doctors with regular screening tests. Immunotherapy targeted therapy and chemotherapy are several drug treatments and radiation therapy that can be used to treat colon cancer along with surgical procedures. A combined term is used to identify colon cancer along with rectal cancer which begins in the rectum and is called colorectal cancer.

Symptoms

Unexplained weight loss, fatigue or weakness, a feeling that an individual’s bowel doesn’t empty, persistent abdominal discomfort which includes pain, gas or cramps, blood in the stool of an individual or rectal bleeding and constipation or diarrhea along with the change in the consistency of an individual stool are some of the symptoms and signs that indicate the presence of colon cancer. Depending on the location and the size of the cancer the symptoms are likely to be noticeable, and in the early stages, there are often no symptoms of colon cancer.

Early stages of Colon Cancer present with:

• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Changes in stool color
• Changes in stool shape, such as narrowed stool
• Blood in the stool
• bleeding from the rectum
• Excessive gas
• Abdominal cramps
• Abdominal pain

Later stages of Colon Cancer presents with:

• Excessive fatigue
• Unexplained weakness
• Unintentional weight loss
• Changes in your stool that last longer than a month
• A feeling that your bowels won’t completely empty
• Vomiting

Colon cancer which has metastasized or spread in the body present additionally with:

• Jaundice, or yellow eyes and skin
• Swelling in the hands or feet
• breathing difficulties
• Chronic headaches
• Blurry vision
• bone fractures

Causes

The cause of colon cancer is unknown to doctors in general. However, it might be said that when a healthy cell develops changes or mutations in the DNA, that’s the beginning of colon cancer. There is a set of instructions that is stored inside the DNA of a cell which gives instructions to the cells about their functions. However, damaged DNA can result in cancer cells.

The reservation of cells when the body is in need is the normal function of healthy cells. However, a cell with damaged DNA will continue to divide even when new cells are not needed by the body which will result in the formation of a tumor after the cells accumulate. The nearby tissues are often destroyed by the cancerous cells when they try to grow and invade them.

The deposits known as metastasis are formed when the cancerous cells travel to the other parts of the body. It has been found that VEGF & EGFR over expression, BRAF mutation are associated with an increased incidence along with poor prognosis of Colon Cancer.

Sodium Butyrate and its role in Treating Colon Cancer

The process of Bacterial fermentation is applied on non-digestible dietary fiber in effect producinga short chain fatty acid known as Sodium Butyrate (NaB) and has been observed to be exerting anti-tumor effects on several kinds of tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC), There has been no complete clarification achieved on the role of Thioredoxin-1 (TRX-1) in Sodium Butyrate (NaB) induced antitumor effect. Colony formation assays and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) have been used to detect the effects of sodium butyrate on the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines HT29 and SW480. Sodium Butyrate (NaB) is considered to significantly decrease (TRX-1) protein expression and inhibited cell growth in colorectal cancer cells but, not in the normal colon epithelial cells. The down-regulation of TRX-1 is directly related to the antitumor effect of Sodium Butyrate (NaB) according to the studies performed.